中国史(第三目)
Japanese

中国史(第三目)

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non-fiction
culture
history

(これは中国史の本の一部分を読んで書いたまとめです。うまく表現できなかったかもしれないので、日本語で伝えたい意味をだいたい英語で一文ずつ表現しました。前の部分はここにあります。)

周時代には祖先との繋がりが変わり、よりも一般的な祖先という概念が生み出され天と呼ばれるようになった。

During the Zhou Period the relationship with the ancestors changed, and the idea of a more generalized kind of ancestor took shape and came to be called Heaven.

天から周王がいわゆる天命(拼音:Tiānmìng)、つまり収める権利、を授かると思われてきた。

It was believed that the king received the so-called Heavenly Mandate (Tianming), or right to govern, from Heaven.

さらに周王は天の息子と認められていた。

Finally, the king was considered to be the son of Heaven.

周王は大宇宙と人間の小宇宙の調和を守る責任を担い、徳と合致して治める期待されていた。

The king bore the responsibility of maintaining harmony between the macrocosm and the human microcosm, and it was expected that he govern in accordance to virtue.

でなければ天命を失い、天の怒りを招くと思われていた。

If he did not, ir was believed that he would lose the Heavenly Mandate and incur the wrath of Heaven.

都の向こうでは周王は存在時間・ある儀式を行う権利・王族との直接的な関係に応じて身分の高い家族にそれぞれ権限を委任していた。

Outside the capital, the king delegated power to various high ranking families, proportional to their antiquity, right to hold certain rituals, and direct relation to the royal family.

帝国の土地は分割して色々な貴族の支配下に置かれたが、各貴族には自分の軍隊があり、しかも競争心が徐々に湧き上がってので、周時代の根本的な弱点になった。

The lands of the empire were divided and placed in the care of various noble families, but those noble families had their own armies and feelings of rivalry eventually arose (amongst them), so that this became a central weak point of the Zhou Period.

東周時代は二つに分けられた。当時に書いた公式記録の書名を使って、前期は「春秋時代」と呼ばれ紀元前七七〇年~四七九年まで続き、後期は「戦国時代」と呼ばれ、紀元前二二一年まで続いた。

The Eastern Zhou was divided into two. Using the titles of official records written at the times, the former portion was called the Spring and Autumn Period and lasted from 770-479 BC, and the latter portion was called The Warring States Period and lasted until 221 BC.

東周末期には周王が全国の権力を失い諸国に割れてしまったものの、同時に地域ごとの伝統が盛んになり、鋳鉄が紹介され、よりも便利な道具・武器・貨幣などが作られるようになるなど、良い変化も起こった。

During the end if the Eastern Zhou Period, the Zhou king lost his authority over the whole country and it (the country) split into various nations; however at the same time local traditions flourished and several positive changes occurred, such as the introduction of cast-iron and the making of even more useful tools, utensils and currency.

この激動の時期には他よりも強い国々が現れ戦い合った。

In these times of upheaval, several nations that were stronger than the rest appeared and fought each other.

結局、強大な秦は未開な民族と頻繁に交流があったおかげで軍隊をよく訓練・準備することができ、、征服で自分の領地を広げ、二二一年には秦が全国を収めることとなった。。

Eventually, the mighty Qin, due to their frequent contact with barbarian tribes, had a well-trained and prepared army, expanded their territory through conquest, and finally, in 221 BC took control of the entire country.

そして秦王は初代皇帝になった。

Thus the King of Qin became the first Emperor (of China).

[最後の修正:2024年2月20日]

Headline image by phil13689 on Unsplash

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