（これは中国史の本で一部分を読んで書いたまとめです。うまく表現できなかったかもしれないので、日本語で伝えたい意味をだいたい英語で一文ずつ表現しました。前の部分はここにあります。）
商時代は統一というか、王族が支配する、都が含まれている「内府」という地域と、王族と様々な関係のある上流階級の者が支配する、「外府」という地域を分かれていたそうだ。
During the Shang Period, China was not so much divided, but rather divided into a region administered by the royal family called "Neifu" (inner state) including the capital, and a a region called "Waifu" (outer state(s)) administered by high ranking individuals with varying connections to the royal family.
その外府の地域は通常は独立の囲郭都市で作られた。
The Waifu region was usually comprised of independent walled towns.
そのため、王は狩猟・戦役・政略結婚や同盟などの政策を使って国家を統括した。
Because of that, the king kept the country together by using hunting events, war campaigns and a shrewd policy of marriages and alliances.
商時代は祖先を祭る儀式で使われる青銅器がたくさん残っていて、高い身分の人々の墓にも見つかった。
During the Shang Period, plentiful bronze ware used in rituals celebrating the ancestors were left behind, and have also been found in tombs of high ranking people.
青銅を得るのはいわゆる夏商周という時代に都が何度も移動された理由だと考えられている。
It is believed that bronze is the reason why the capital was moved several times during the so-called "Xia-Shang-Zhou" Period.
それに翡翠で作られるものも墓にしばしば置いてあり、翡翠が死体を保つ力を持っていると信じられていたのと関係がある。
Moreover, objects made of jade were also often placed in tombs, due to the fact that jade was believed to have the power to preserve a dead body.
商時代は紀元前一一二二年まで続き、その後は周時代になった。
The Shang period lasts until 1122 BC, after which came the Zhou Period.
周人は古代民族で、もともと商人に従属していた可能性が高い。
The Zhou people were an a people from antiquity, and at first were very probably vassals of the Shang people.
商王朝の域の外にいて、西戎などと直接に遭遇し、それで戦いで馬をうまく使える熟練した戦士たちになった。
They lived outside the territory of the Shang Dynasty, had direct contact with the Western barbarians, and because of this became skilled warriors who could use horses well in battle.
紀元前十二・十一世紀に政権を掌握してき、当初はいわゆる西周と呼ばれ長安（現代の西安市）を都にし、のちにいわゆる東周と呼ばれ都は紀元前七七〇年に洛陽市に移動した。
In the 12th or 11th century BC they seized power. At first they were called the Western Zhou and made Chang'an (modern day Xi'an) their capital, and later they were called the Eastern Zhou and moved their capital to Luoyang in 770 BC.
［最後の修正：2024年2月20日］